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Prince Janusz Radziwiłł (also known as ''Janusz the Second'' or ''Janusz the Younger'', 1612–1655) was a notable Polish noble and magnate. Throughout his life he occupied a number of posts in the state administration, including that of Court Chamberlain of Lithuania (from 1633), Field Hetman of Lithuania (from 1646) and Grand Hetman of Lithuania (from 1654). He was also a voivode of Vilna Voivodeship (from 1653), as well as a starost of Samogitia, Kamieniec, Kazimierz and Sejwy. He was a protector of the Protestant religion in Lithuania and sponsor of many Protestant schools and churches. For several decades, the interests between the Radziwłł family and the state (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) had begun to drift apart, as the Radziwiłłs increased their magnate status and wealth. Their attempts to acquire more political power in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania culminated in the doings of Janusz Radziwiłł, who is remembered in Polish historiography as one of the Grand Duchy nobles responsible for the end of the Golden Age of the Commonwealth. In his times he was one of the most powerful people in the Commonwealth, often described as a ''de facto'' ruler of the entire Grand Duchy of Lithuania. During the "Deluge", the Swedish invasion of Poland-Lithuania during the Second Northern War, he sided with the Swedish king signing the Treaty of Kėdainiai and the Union of Kėdainiai. This move however antagonised him with most of other nobles, including members of his own family. His forces were eventually defeated in battle and he himself died in a besieged castle at Tykocin. ==Early life== He was born on 2 December 1612 in Popiel.〔Wisner (2000), p. 8〕 He was heir to one of the most powerful of princely Polish–Lithuanian families, the Radziwiłł family.〔 In September 1628 he departed for a four-year-long voyage, primarily in Germany and the Netherlands, returning to the Commonwealth's capital of Warsaw by autumn 1632.〔Wisner (2000), pp. 26–35〕 Soon afterward the new king of the Commonwealth, Władysław IV Waza, sent him with a diplomatic mission to the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.〔Wisner (2000), pp. 35–36〕 As a reward, he received his first governmental office, becoming the podkomorzy (Court Chamberlain) of Lithuania in early 1633.〔Wisner (2000), p. 37〕 He took part in the Smolensk War in 1634, through he primarily accompanied the king, and did not participate actively in major combats.〔Wisner (2000), pp. 42–43〕 He would become a regular part of Władysław IV Waza's company, spending much time at the royal court over the next five years.〔 In 1635 he became the starost of Kamieniec, and in 1638, Kazimierz Dolny (near Lublin).〔Wisner (2000), p. 51〕 Since 1636 he administrated his family's estates, through not very efficiently, which he admitted himself.〔 He also attended most of the Sejm (Commonwealth's parliament) sessions.〔Wisner (2000), p. 57〕 He married a Katarzyna Potocka in 2 February 1638. He was a Calvinist, and his wife, Catholic, through this did not cause significant difficulties.〔Wisner (2000), p. 54〕 They would have three children, through only their daughter Anna Maria, born in 1640, would survive till adulthood.〔Wisner (2000), p. 55〕 Katarzyna died on 21 November 1642.〔Wisner (2000), p. 56〕 In 1645 he married Maria Lupu, daughter of a Moldavian hospodar Vasile Lupu.〔Wisner (2000), p. 75〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Janusz Radziwiłł (1612–1655)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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